# MISSILE THREAT vs AIR & MISSILE DEFENCE — REFERENCE FOR DASHBOARD PROMPT

Purpose: complete threat library and counter-system catalogue for building an Integrated Air & Missile Defence (IAMD) dashboard.
All figures are approximate, drawn from open-source public reporting (as of Oct 2026). Ranges and speeds vary by variant, payload and trajectory. Treat as reference/demo data, not operational planning data.

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## SECTION 1 — DEFENCE LAYERS

| Layer | Name | Engagement zone | Typical threats |
|---|---|---|---|
| L1 | Exo-atmospheric BMD (upper tier, midcourse) | Above ~100 km altitude, long range | ICBM, SLBM, IRBM, MRBM |
| L2 | High endo / terminal high-altitude BMD | ~40–150 km altitude | MRBM, SRBM, ASBM (terminal) |
| L3 | Long-range air & missile defence | ~100–400 km range, up to ~30 km altitude | Aircraft, cruise missiles, SRBM, quasi-ballistic |
| L4 | Medium-range air defence (MRAD) | ~20–100 km range | Cruise missiles, aircraft, helicopters, large UAVs |
| L5 | Short-range air defence (SHORAD) | ~5–20 km | Cruise missiles, drones, helicopters, ARMs |
| L6 | Very short range / point defence (VSHORAD, CIWS, C-RAM) | Under ~8 km | Rockets, artillery, mortars, small drones, leakers |
| L7 | Soft-kill / electronic warfare | Varies | Drones, GNSS-guided munitions, radar-guided missiles |
| L8 | Directed energy (laser, high-power microwave) | ~1–10 km | Drones, rockets, mortars, small munitions |
| L9 | Left-of-launch / counter-force | Enemy territory | Launchers, aircraft, ships, submarines before firing |
| L10 | Passive defence | At the defended site | All threats: hardening, dispersal, camouflage, decoys, shelters |

### Missile flight phases (for BMD)
- **Boost**: engine burning, 1–5 min. Bright IR signature, easiest to detect, hardest to reach.
- **Midcourse**: unpowered coast, longest phase (up to ~20 min for ICBM). Decoys and penetration aids deployed here.
- **Terminal**: re-entry to impact, last ~30–60 s for long-range missiles.
- **Glide** (HGV only): manoeuvring flight at ~20–70 km altitude, between midcourse and terminal BMD coverage.

### Kill chain (for engagement status tracking)
DETECT → TRACK → IDENTIFY / CLASSIFY → DECIDE (weapon-target assignment) → ENGAGE → ASSESS (kill assessment) → RE-ENGAGE if leaked
Doctrine options: Shoot-Shoot-Look (two interceptors per threat, typical vs ballistic) / Shoot-Look-Shoot (one interceptor, assess, fire again if needed).

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## SECTION 2 — THREAT LIBRARY

Each threat lists: description, flight profile, typical parameters, examples, detection, counter layers, counter systems, challenges.

### T01 — Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)
- **Description**: strategic ballistic missile, range over 5,500 km. Usually nuclear. May carry MIRVs (multiple independently targeted warheads) and penetration aids/decoys.
- **Profile**: boost (~3–5 min) → exo-atmospheric midcourse (apogee ~1,000–1,500 km) → re-entry.
- **Speed**: up to ~Mach 20+ at re-entry (~7 km/s).
- **Flight time**: ~25–35 min intercontinental.
- **Examples**: Minuteman III, Sentinel (dev) (US); RS-24 Yars, RS-28 Sarmat (Russia); DF-41, DF-31AG (China); Hwasong-17/18/19 (North Korea); Agni-V (India).
- **Detection**: early-warning satellites (SBIRS / Next-Gen OPIR), long-range early-warning radar (UEWR, LRDR), sea-based X-band radar.
- **Counter layers**: L1 (midcourse), L9.
- **Counter systems**: Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GBI interceptors, Alaska & California); Next Generation Interceptor (NGI, in development); SM-3 Block IIA (demonstrated vs ICBM-class target in 2020); A-135/A-235 (Moscow).
- **Challenges**: decoys, MIRVs, very high closing speed, limited interceptor inventory.

### T02 — Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM)
- **Description**: ballistic missile fired from a submerged submarine. Survivable second-strike weapon.
- **Profile**: like ICBM; can use a depressed (lower, faster) trajectory for short warning.
- **Range**: ~7,000–12,000 km.
- **Warning time**: as little as ~10–15 min if launched close to coast.
- **Examples**: Trident II D5 (US/UK); Bulava (Russia); JL-3 (China); K-4 (India); Pukguksong series (North Korea).
- **Detection**: satellites, early-warning radar; anti-submarine warfare to find the launch platform.
- **Counter layers**: L1, L2, L9 (ASW: P-8 Poseidon, attack submarines, sonar networks).
- **Counter systems**: as T01, plus Aegis BMD (SM-3), THAAD for terminal.

### T03 — Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM)
- **Range**: 3,000–5,500 km.
- **Speed**: ~Mach 15–20.
- **Flight time**: ~15–25 min.
- **Examples**: DF-26 (China, dual nuclear/conventional, also anti-ship); Hwasong-12 / Hwasong-16B (North Korea); Oreshnik (Russia, used in combat Nov 2024, MIRV-type).
- **Detection**: satellites, AN/TPY-2, Aegis SPY-1/SPY-6.
- **Counter layers**: L1, L2.
- **Counter systems**: SM-3 Block IB/IIA (Aegis ships & Aegis Ashore), Arrow 3, THAAD (terminal), HQ-19 (China).

### T04 — Medium-Range Ballistic Missile (MRBM)
- **Range**: 1,000–3,000 km.
- **Speed**: ~Mach 8–15.
- **Flight time**: ~10–15 min.
- **Examples**: DF-21 (China); Shahab-3, Emad, Ghadr, Kheibar Shekan (Iran); Nodong (North Korea); Agni-II (India); Shaheen-III, Ghauri (Pakistan).
- **Counter layers**: L1, L2, L3 (terminal).
- **Counter systems**: Arrow 3, Arrow 2, SM-3, THAAD, David's Sling, Patriot PAC-3 MSE (terminal, defended area limited), S-400/S-500.

### T05 — Short-Range Ballistic Missile (SRBM) & Close-Range Ballistic Missile (CRBM)
- **Range**: SRBM 300–1,000 km; CRBM under 300 km.
- **Speed**: ~Mach 4–7. Apogee ~50–150 km.
- **Flight time**: ~3–8 min.
- **Examples**: Scud-B/C/D; ATACMS, PrSM (US); Fateh-110, Zolfaghar (Iran); DF-11, DF-15 (China); Hyunmoo-2 (South Korea); Tochka (legacy).
- **Counter layers**: L2, L3.
- **Counter systems**: Patriot PAC-3 MSE / PAC-2 GEM-T, THAAD, David's Sling, SAMP/T, S-300V4/S-400, HQ-9B, KM-SAM, L-SAM.
- **Challenges**: short warning, warhead separation, debris.

### T06 — Quasi-Ballistic / Manoeuvring SRBM
- **Description**: flattened trajectory staying mostly within atmosphere (apogee ~40–50 km), manoeuvres in terminal phase to defeat interceptors.
- **Speed**: ~Mach 6–7.
- **Examples**: 9M723 Iskander-M (Russia); KN-23, KN-24 (North Korea); Fateh-313 (Iran); Pralay (India).
- **Counter layers**: L3 (hit-to-kill preferred).
- **Counter systems**: Patriot PAC-3 MSE, David's Sling, SAMP/T NG (Aster 30 B1NT), L-SAM.
- **Challenges**: below exo-atmospheric interceptors' floor, unpredictable intercept point.

### T07 — Air-Launched Ballistic / Aero-Ballistic Missile (ALBM)
- **Description**: ballistic missile carried and launched by aircraft at altitude.
- **Speed**: up to ~Mach 10 (claimed).
- **Examples**: Kh-47M2 Kinzhal (Russia, MiG-31K); CH-AS-X-13 (China, H-6N, reported).
- **Counter layers**: L3; L9 (destroy carrier aircraft).
- **Counter systems**: Patriot PAC-3 MSE (combat intercepts reported in Ukraine), SAMP/T.

### T08 — Anti-Ship Ballistic Missile (ASBM)
- **Description**: ballistic missile with manoeuvring re-entry vehicle and seeker to hit moving ships.
- **Range**: ~1,500–4,000 km.
- **Examples**: DF-21D, DF-26 (China); Khalij Fars, Zolfaghar Basir (Iran).
- **Detection**: shipborne radar (SPY-1/SPY-6), satellite cueing.
- **Counter layers**: L1, L2 (naval).
- **Counter systems**: SM-3, SM-6 (terminal), Aster 30 B1NT; soft-kill decoys; destroying the over-the-horizon targeting chain (satellites, maritime patrol).

### T09 — Hypersonic Glide Vehicle (HGV)
- **Description**: rocket booster lifts an unpowered glider that flies through the upper atmosphere at Mach 5+ and manoeuvres unpredictably.
- **Altitude**: glide ~20–70 km (between SM-3 floor and SM-6/PAC-3 ceiling).
- **Speed**: Mach 5–20+.
- **Examples**: Avangard (Russia, ICBM-boosted); DF-17 (China, ~1,800–2,500 km); Hwasong-8 (North Korea); Fattah-2 (Iran, claimed); Dark Eagle / LRHW (US, offensive).
- **Detection**: hard for ground radar due to low altitude and horizon; space-based tracking (HBTSS / Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture tracking layer) being fielded.
- **Counter layers**: L2/L3 (limited, terminal only).
- **Counter systems**: SM-6 Block IAU (terminal defence vs hypersonic, tested), PAC-3 MSE (limited terminal), THAAD (limited); Glide Phase Interceptor (GPI, US/Japan, in development, ship-launched from Aegis VLS); S-500 (claimed).
- **Challenges**: manoeuvrability, short detection range, few dedicated interceptors fielded.

### T10 — Hypersonic Cruise Missile (HCM)
- **Description**: air-breathing scramjet-powered missile flying at Mach 5+ within atmosphere.
- **Altitude**: ~20–30 km cruise.
- **Examples**: 3M22 Zircon (Russia, ~Mach 8 claimed, ~1,000 km); HACM (US, in development); BrahMos-II (India/Russia, in development); YJ-21 (China, often described as hypersonic anti-ship, aeroballistic).
- **Counter layers**: L3, L4 (terminal).
- **Counter systems**: SM-6, PAC-3 MSE, S-400/S-500, Aster 30.

### T11 — Subsonic Land-Attack Cruise Missile (LACM)
- **Description**: jet-powered, flies ~Mach 0.7–0.9 at very low altitude (~15–100 m) using terrain-following and GPS/INS/scene-matching navigation. Can route around defences.
- **Range**: ~250–5,000 km.
- **Examples**: Tomahawk (US, ~1,600+ km); Kalibr 3M14 (Russia); Kh-101/Kh-555 (Russia, air-launched); Storm Shadow/SCALP-EG (UK/France); Taurus KEPD 350 (Germany); JASSM/JASSM-ER (US); CJ-10, CJ-100 (China); Paveh, Hoveyzeh (Iran); Nirbhay (India); Babur (Pakistan).
- **Detection**: hidden by radar horizon from ground radar (~30–40 km for a low flyer); needs airborne early warning (E-7 Wedgetail, E-2D, E-3, GlobalEye, Saab 340/2000 AEW), aerostats or dense radar networks.
- **Counter layers**: L3, L4, L5, L6, L7; fighter interception (air-to-air missiles, guns).
- **Counter systems**: Patriot, NASAMS (AMRAAM), IRIS-T SLM/SLS, SAMP/T, CAMM / Sky Sabre / Land Ceptor, KM-SAM, Pantsir-S1, Tor-M2, Spyder, Barak MX, Iron Dome (some), fighters (F-16, Rafale, Typhoon, Su-30MKM) with AMRAAM/Meteor/IRIS-T/Python/R-77.
- **Challenges**: low-level detection, multi-axis approach, saturation with drones.

### T12 — Supersonic Cruise / Anti-Ship Missile
- **Speed**: Mach 2–3.
- **Profile**: high-altitude cruise or sea-skimming, often terminal manoeuvres; some subsonic cruise with supersonic terminal sprint.
- **Range**: ~120–800 km.
- **Examples**: BrahMos (India/Russia, Mach ~2.8); P-800 Oniks/Yakhont (Russia); P-270 Moskit (Russia); Kh-31A (Russia); YJ-12, YJ-18 (China, YJ-18 has supersonic terminal sprint); Hsiung Feng III (Taiwan); ASMP-A (France, nuclear).
- **Counter layers**: L4, L5, L6, L7.
- **Counter systems**: SM-2, SM-6, ESSM Block 2, Aster 15/30, Sea Ceptor (CAMM), Barak-8/MX, HQ-16, RAM, CIWS (Phalanx, Goalkeeper, Type 1130), decoys (Nulka active decoy, chaff, IR flares), onboard jamming.

### T13 — Subsonic Anti-Ship Missile (AShM)
- **Speed**: ~Mach 0.8–0.95, sea-skimming (~3–5 m in terminal).
- **Range**: ~70–370+ km.
- **Examples**: Harpoon (US); Exocet MM40 Block 3, AM39 (France); NSM / Naval Strike Missile (Norway/US); LRASM (US, stealthy, long range); RBS15 (Sweden); Type 17P / C-802 / YJ-83 (China); Kh-35 Uran (Russia); Noor/Qader (Iran); Hsiung Feng II (Taiwan).
- **Detection**: shipborne radar, IRST, airborne early warning; sea clutter makes late detection common (~20–30 km).
- **Counter layers**: L4–L7.
- **Counter systems**: ESSM, Sea Ceptor, VL MICA, Aster 15, Barak-8, RAM, Phalanx/Goalkeeper/Millennium CIWS, decoys, EW.

### T14 — Air-Launched Cruise / Stand-off Missile (from aircraft)
- **Description**: cruise missiles and glide weapons fired from fighters/bombers outside defence range.
- **Examples**: JASSM-ER, Storm Shadow, Taurus, Kh-101, Kh-59, KD-63, SPICE-2000 / JSOW (glide bombs), Russian UMPK-kit glide bombs (FAB with wings, ~40–70 km).
- **Counter layers**: L3, L4, L5; L9 (counter-air: shoot launch aircraft before release using long-range SAMs and fighters).
- **Counter systems**: Patriot, S-400, SAMP/T, NASAMS, fighters with BVR missiles (AMRAAM, Meteor, PL-15, R-37M).
- **Challenges**: glide bombs are cheap and numerous; defeating the carrier aircraft is often more effective.

### T15 — Anti-Radiation Missile (ARM)
- **Description**: homes on radar emissions to destroy air defence radars (SEAD/DEAD).
- **Speed**: Mach 2–4. **Range**: ~50–300 km.
- **Examples**: AGM-88 HARM / AGM-88G AARGM-ER (US); Kh-31P, Kh-58 (Russia); MAR-1 (Brazil); YJ-91 (China); Rudram (India).
- **Counter layers**: L5, L6, L7, L10.
- **Counter systems**: SHORAD/CIWS point defence; emission control (EMCON), blinking/multiple emitters, radar decoys (emitter decoys), passive sensors, shoot-and-scoot relocation.

### T16 — Guided Rockets & Precision Artillery
- **Description**: guided multiple-launch rockets and GPS-guided shells.
- **Speed**: Mach 2–3. **Range**: ~30–150 km (rockets), ~40–70 km (shells).
- **Examples**: GMLRS / ER-GMLRS (US, HIMARS/M270); Tornado-S / Smerch (Russia); PHL-03/PHL-16 (China); Pinaka (India); Excalibur, Vulcano (shells).
- **Counter layers**: L5, L6, L8.
- **Counter systems**: Iron Dome, C-RAM (Centurion), Skyshield / Skynex, Pantsir, Tor, Iron Beam; S-300/S-400 have claimed GMLRS intercepts.

### T17 — Rockets, Artillery & Mortars (RAM, unguided)
- **Range**: ~5–40 km (Grad up to ~40 km; Qassam/Katyusha-class short range).
- **Examples**: BM-21 Grad, 107 mm rockets, 120 mm mortars, Qassam, Falaq.
- **Counter layers**: L6, L8; counter-battery fire (L9).
- **Counter systems**: Iron Dome (engages only rockets predicted to hit protected areas), C-RAM, Skyshield, Iron Beam; counter-battery radar (AN/TPQ-50, AN/TPQ-53, COBRA, ARTHUR).

### T18 — Loitering Munition / One-Way Attack (OWA) Drone
- **Description**: low, slow, small radar cross-section; often launched in large salvos to exhaust defences.
- **Speed**: ~150–200 km/h (propeller); jet versions ~500+ km/h.
- **Range**: from ~10 km (tactical) to ~1,500–2,500 km (strategic OWA).
- **Examples**: Shahed-136/Geran-2, Shahed-238/Geran-3 (jet) (Iran/Russia); Lancet (Russia); Harop, Harpy (Israel); Switchblade 300/600 (US); Hero series (Israel); Ukrainian Liutyi long-range drones.
- **Detection**: short-range 3D radars (Giraffe 1X, RPS-42, KuRFS), EO/IR cameras, RF detectors, acoustic sensor networks.
- **Counter layers**: L5, L6, L7, L8.
- **Counter systems**: Gepard and Skynex (35 mm air-burst), Pantsir, Tor, NASAMS, IRIS-T, Coyote Block 2, APKWS laser-guided rockets (incl. fighter-launched), helicopter door guns, mobile machine-gun teams with searchlights, interceptor drones, EW jamming/GNSS spoofing, Iron Beam (laser), HPM (e.g. Epirus Leonidas).
- **Challenges**: cost-exchange (cheap drone vs expensive interceptor), mass salvos, low-altitude routes.

### T19 — Small UAS / FPV Drone (Group 1–2)
- **Description**: commercial or military quadcopters and FPV drones used for reconnaissance, grenade dropping, kamikaze attack. Fibre-optic-controlled FPVs are immune to RF jamming.
- **Speed**: ~60–150 km/h. **Range**: ~5–20 km.
- **Counter layers**: L6, L7, L8.
- **Counter systems**: RF jammers (handheld "drone guns", vehicle and site jammers), GNSS spoofing, interceptor drones, shotguns/smart sights (SMASH), nets, lasers (Lite Beam, DragonFire, Helios-class), HPM, physical cages/netting over vehicles and positions.
- **Detection**: RF scanners (DroneShield, Aaronia), EO/IR, micro-Doppler radar, acoustic sensors.

### T20 — Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM)
- **Description**: precision missile against armour, fortifications, light vehicles, low helicopters.
- **Range**: ~2–8 km (Spike NLOS ~25–30 km).
- **Examples**: Javelin, TOW-2 (US); Kornet, Konkurs (Russia); Spike family (Israel); MMP, NLAW (Europe); HJ-10/HJ-12 (China).
- **Counter**: vehicle Active Protection Systems (hard-kill): Trophy, Iron Fist, Arena-M, StrikeShield, ADS; soft-kill: laser warning, smoke/aerosol screens, IR jammers; reactive armour.

### T21 — MANPADS & Surface-to-Air Missiles (threat to aircraft)
- **Description**: missiles that target own aircraft/helicopters (relevant to dashboard if protecting air assets).
- **Examples**: Stinger, Igla/Verba, Mistral, Starstreak, QW-series, FN-6, Anza; S-300/S-400, HQ-9, Buk.
- **Counter**: radar/missile warning receivers, chaff and flares, DIRCM laser jammers (e.g. AN/AAQ-24 Nemesis), towed decoys, onboard jamming pods, terrain masking, SEAD/DEAD.

### T22 — Air-to-Air Missile (AAM) (threat to aircraft)
- **Examples**: AIM-120 AMRAAM, AIM-9X, Meteor, PL-15, PL-10, R-77, R-37M, Python-5, IRIS-T.
- **Counter**: RWR, ECM jamming, chaff/flares, towed decoys, manoeuvre, stealth, own BVR shots first.

### T23 — Anti-Satellite Missile (ASAT, direct-ascent)
- **Description**: missile launched to destroy a satellite in orbit; creates debris.
- **Demonstrations**: China SC-19 (2007); US SM-3 (2008, Operation Burnt Frost); India PDV Mk-II (2019, Mission Shakti); Russia Nudol (2021).
- **Counter**: space situational awareness, satellite manoeuvring, proliferated constellations (redundancy), hardening; very limited direct defence.

### T24 — Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS) / Orbital HGV
- **Description**: warhead placed into partial orbit to approach from unexpected direction (e.g. over the South Pole), bypassing north-facing warning radars.
- **History**: Soviet R-36orb (1960s–1983); China reportedly tested an orbital HGV in 2021.
- **Counter**: 360° space-based early warning; limited intercept capability.

### T25 — Saturation / Combined Salvo Attack
- **Description**: mixed waves of decoy drones, OWA drones, cruise missiles and ballistic missiles timed to arrive together or in sequence; drones exhaust and locate defences, ballistic missiles exploit gaps.
- **Real examples**: Iran on Israel (April and October 2024, and subsequent 2025–2026 exchanges); Russian strikes on Ukraine (often 400–800+ drones and missiles per night in 2025).
- **Counter**: Integrated Air & Missile Defence (IAMD): sensor fusion, central battle management, layered weapons, cost-matched assignment (cheap shooters for drones, interceptors for missiles), coalition sharing, fighter CAPs, stockpile management.
- **C2 systems**: IBCS (US Army), Aegis Combat System, C2BMC (MDA), NATO ACCS, Link 16 / JREAP data links, Israel's integrated air defence command.

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## SECTION 3 — COUNTER-SYSTEM CATALOGUE

Approximate open-source figures. Range = max engagement range vs aerial targets unless stated.

### Upper-tier / strategic BMD
| System | Origin | Layer | Interceptor | Range / altitude | Main targets | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD) | USA | L1 | GBI (Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle) | Intercontinental, exo-atmospheric | ICBM | Operational (~44 interceptors, Alaska & California) |
| Next Generation Interceptor (NGI) | USA | L1 | NGI | Intercontinental | ICBM incl. decoys | In development (testing from ~2027) |
| Aegis BMD / Aegis Ashore | USA (also Japan) | L1/L2 | SM-3 Block IB / IIA | IB ~700 km; IIA ~2,000+ km, exo | MRBM, IRBM, (ICBM by IIA) | Operational (ships; Romania, Poland ashore) |
| Arrow 3 | Israel/USA | L1 | Arrow 3 hit-to-kill | ~2,400 km, exo (>100 km alt) | MRBM, IRBM | Operational (Israel; sold to Germany, first ops 2025) |
| Arrow 2 | Israel/USA | L2 | Arrow 2 (frag warhead) | ~90–150 km, ~50–60 km alt | SRBM, MRBM | Operational |
| THAAD | USA | L2 | THAAD hit-to-kill | ~200 km, ~40–150 km alt | SRBM, MRBM, IRBM terminal | Operational (US, UAE, Saudi, deployed Korea, Guam, Israel) |
| A-235 Nudol | Russia | L1 | 53T6M / new | Exo & endo | ICBM vs Moscow; ASAT | Operational/upgrading |
| S-500 Prometheus | Russia | L1/L2/L3 | 77N6-N, 40N6M | Claimed up to ~600 km; ~200 km alt claimed | BM, hypersonic, aircraft (claimed) | Limited deployment |
| HQ-19 | China | L1 | HQ-19 | Exo, est. ~1,000+ km | MRBM, IRBM | Reportedly operational |
| L-SAM | South Korea | L2 | L-SAM ABM | ~40–60 km alt | Ballistic | Production starting |
| PAD/AAD (Prithvi Air Defence / Advanced Air Defence) | India | L1/L2 | PDV, AAD | Exo & endo | SRBM, MRBM | Phase 1 completed testing |
| Glide Phase Interceptor (GPI) | USA/Japan | L2 | GPI (Aegis VLS) | Glide altitude ~20–70 km | HGV | In development (Northrop Grumman, PDR targeted by 2028) |

### Long / medium-range air & missile defence
| System | Origin | Layer | Interceptor | Range | Main targets |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patriot (PAC-2 GEM-T / PAC-3 MSE) | USA | L3 | GEM-T (frag), PAC-3 MSE (hit-to-kill) | GEM-T ~160 km vs aircraft; PAC-3 MSE ~35–60 km vs BM | Aircraft, cruise, SRBM, aero-ballistic, (limited HGV) |
| SAMP/T (Mamba) / SAMP/T NG | France/Italy | L3 | Aster 30 B1 / B1NT | ~120 km (B1), ~150+ km (NG); TBM ~25–35 km | Aircraft, cruise, SRBM |
| David's Sling | Israel/USA | L2/L3 | Stunner / SkyCeptor | ~40–300 km | SRBM, cruise, large rockets, aircraft |
| S-400 Triumf | Russia | L3 | 40N6, 48N6, 9M96 | Up to ~400 km (40N6); TBM ~60 km | Aircraft, cruise, SRBM |
| S-300V4 | Russia | L2/L3 | 9M82MV | ~400 km claimed | Aircraft, SRBM/MRBM |
| HQ-9 / HQ-9B | China | L3 | HQ-9 | ~200–300 km | Aircraft, cruise, SRBM |
| KM-SAM (Cheongung II) | South Korea | L3/L4 | M-SAM | ~40–50 km | Aircraft, cruise, SRBM terminal |
| Barak-8 / Barak MX | Israel/India | L3/L4 | Barak LRAD/ER | ~70–150 km | Aircraft, cruise, AShM |
| SM-2 / SM-6 (naval) | USA | L3/L4 | SM-2 Block IIIC, SM-6 Block I/IA/IAU | SM-2 ~170 km; SM-6 ~240–370 km | Aircraft, AShM, cruise; SM-6 terminal BMD & hypersonic |
| Aster 15 / Aster 30 (PAAMS, SAAM) | France/Italy/UK | L3/L4 | Aster | Aster 15 ~30 km; Aster 30 ~120 km | Aircraft, AShM, cruise, TBM (B1NT) |
| NASAMS | Norway/USA | L4 | AIM-120 AMRAAM / AMRAAM-ER / AIM-9X | ~30–50 km | Cruise, aircraft, drones |
| IRIS-T SLM / SLX | Germany | L4 | IRIS-T SL | SLM ~40 km range, ~20 km alt; SLX ~80 km | Cruise, aircraft, drones, guided rockets |
| CAMM / CAMM-ER (Sky Sabre, Land Ceptor, Sea Ceptor) | UK/Italy | L4 | CAMM | CAMM ~25+ km; CAMM-ER ~45+ km | Cruise, AShM, aircraft, drones |
| ESSM Block 2 | USA/NATO | L4 | ESSM | ~50 km | AShM, aircraft |
| Buk-M3 | Russia | L4 | 9M317M | ~70 km | Aircraft, cruise |
| HQ-16 / HQ-22 | China | L4 | — | ~40–170 km | Aircraft, cruise |
| Akash / Akash-NG | India | L4 | Akash | ~25–70 km | Aircraft, cruise, drones |
| Spyder MR | Israel | L4/L5 | Python-5 / Derby | ~35–50 km | Aircraft, cruise, drones |

### Short-range / point defence / C-RAM
| System | Origin | Layer | Effector | Range | Main targets |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iron Dome (C-Dome naval) | Israel | L5/L6 | Tamir | ~4–70 km | Rockets, artillery, mortars, drones, some cruise |
| Pantsir-S1/S2 | Russia | L5/L6 | 57E6 missiles + 30 mm guns | Missiles ~20 km, guns ~4 km | Cruise, drones, PGMs, ARMs |
| Tor-M2 | Russia | L5 | 9M338 | ~15–16 km | Cruise, drones, PGMs |
| Spyder SR | Israel | L5 | Python-5/Derby | ~15–20 km | Drones, aircraft |
| VL MICA | France | L5 | MICA IR/RF | ~20 km | AShM, aircraft, drones |
| RAM (RIM-116) | USA/Germany | L6 | RAM Block 2 | ~10 km | AShM |
| Phalanx CIWS / Centurion C-RAM | USA | L6 | 20 mm Gatling | ~1.5–2 km effective | AShM, RAM, drones |
| Goalkeeper / Millennium | Netherlands / Switzerland | L6 | 30 mm / 35 mm | ~2–3.5 km | AShM, drones |
| Skynex / Skyshield | Germany (Rheinmetall) | L6 | 35 mm AHEAD airburst | ~4 km | Drones, RAM, cruise |
| Gepard | Germany | L6 | Twin 35 mm | ~3.5–4 km | Drones, helicopters, cruise |
| Stinger / Avenger / M-SHORAD | USA | L6 | FIM-92 | ~5–8 km | Helicopters, drones, low aircraft |
| Starstreak / Mistral / RBS 70 NG / Igla-S / QW-series | UK / FR / SE / RU / CN | L6 | MANPADS/VSHORAD | ~5–8 km | Helicopters, drones, low aircraft |
| Coyote Block 2 / Block 3 | USA | L6 | Interceptor drone/missile (Block 3 non-kinetic) | ~10–15 km | Drones |
| APKWS (laser-guided 70 mm rocket) | USA | L6 | APKWS rocket (ground, ship, aircraft launched) | ~5–11 km | Drones |
| Interceptor drones (e.g. Ukrainian Sting, Anduril Roadrunner) | Various | L6 | Kamikaze/collision drones | ~few km–tens of km | OWA drones |

### Directed energy
| System | Origin | Power | Range | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iron Beam (Or Eitan) | Israel (Rafael/Elbit) | ~100 kW | ~10 km | Declared operational Sept 2025; delivered to IDF late 2025; combat intercepts reported 2026 |
| Iron Beam-M / Lite Beam / Naval Iron Beam | Israel | ~30–50 kW / ~10 kW / ~100 kW | Shorter | Mobile/vehicle/naval variants |
| HELIOS | USA (Navy) | ~60 kW | Short | Installed on USS Preble |
| DragonFire | UK | ~50 kW class | Classified (~km) | Planned on Type 45 destroyers from ~2027 |
| DE M-SHORAD | USA (Army) | ~50 kW | Short | Prototypes fielded/tested |
| Epirus Leonidas (HPM) | USA | High-power microwave | Short (~hundreds of m–km) | Fielded for counter-swarm testing |
| Silent Hunter / LY-1 | China | ~30 kW class / naval laser | Short | Exported / displayed |

### Soft-kill / electronic warfare / passive
| Measure | Effect | Against |
|---|---|---|
| RF jamming (command link) | Breaks drone control | Drones (not fibre-optic or autonomous) |
| GNSS jamming / spoofing | Degrades or redirects GPS navigation | Drones, cruise missiles, guided bombs and rockets |
| Radar jamming / DRFM deception | Confuses radar seekers | Radar-guided missiles, ARMs |
| Chaff, flares, Nulka active decoy | Seduces seekers | AShM, AAM, SAM |
| DIRCM | Blinds IR seekers | MANPADS, IR AAM |
| Emission control & emitter decoys | Denies ARM targets | ARMs |
| Camouflage, dispersal, decoy launchers/vehicles | Wastes enemy missiles | All |
| Hardened shelters, blast walls, cages/nets | Reduces damage | All, especially drones/FPV |

---

## SECTION 4 — SENSORS & EARLY WARNING

| Sensor | Type | Role | Typical coverage |
|---|---|---|---|
| SBIRS / Next-Gen OPIR | Space IR | Launch detection | Global |
| HBTSS / PWSA Tracking Layer | Space IR (LEO) | Track hypersonic & ballistic missiles | Global (being fielded) |
| LRDR, UEWR, Cobra Dane | Ground early-warning radar | ICBM/SLBM tracking | ~5,000 km |
| Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX) | Mobile radar | Midcourse discrimination | ~4,000 km |
| AN/TPY-2 | X-band AESA | BMD forward-based / THAAD fire control | ~1,000–3,000 km (mode-dependent) |
| AN/SPY-1 / SPY-6 | Naval S-band | Aegis air & BMD | ~300+ km air; longer BMD |
| EL/M-2080 Green Pine | L-band | Arrow fire control | ~500–900 km |
| EL/M-2084 MMR | S-band AESA | Iron Dome / David's Sling | ~100–475 km |
| LTAMDS / AN/MPQ-65 | C-band AESA | Patriot | ~150+ km |
| 91N6E, 96L6E | Russian radars | S-400 | ~600 km / ~300 km |
| Giraffe 4A / 1X, Ground Master 200/400 | Ground AESA | SHORAD/MRAD surveillance | ~40–450 km |
| AEW&C: E-7 Wedgetail, E-2D, E-3, GlobalEye, KJ-500, A-50 | Airborne radar | Low-level cruise missile & drone detection | ~300–600 km |
| Counter-battery radar (AN/TPQ-50/53, COBRA, ARTHUR) | Ground | Detect rockets/artillery/mortars, find launch point | ~20–100 km |
| RF detectors, EO/IR, acoustic networks, micro-Doppler radar | Ground | Drone detection | ~1–10 km |

---

## SECTION 5 — COST-EXCHANGE REFERENCE (approx. unit cost, USD)

| Item | Approx. cost |
|---|---|
| Shahed-136 OWA drone | ~$20k–50k |
| FPV drone | ~$400–1,000 |
| Grad rocket | ~$1k |
| Tomahawk | ~$2M |
| Kalibr / Kh-101 | ~$1–6.5M (est.) |
| Iskander-M | ~$3M (est.) |
| Iron Beam laser shot | ~a few dollars (energy) |
| APKWS rocket | ~$25k–35k |
| Iron Dome Tamir | ~$40k–100k |
| Coyote Block 2 | ~$100k–125k |
| Stinger | ~$400k–480k |
| AIM-120 AMRAAM | ~$1–1.2M |
| ESSM Block 2 | ~$1.5–2M |
| IRIS-T SL | ~$400k–500k (est.) |
| Aster 30 | ~$2M+ |
| Arrow 3 | ~$2–3M |
| PAC-3 MSE | ~$4M |
| SM-6 | ~$4M |
| THAAD interceptor | ~$12–13M |
| SM-3 Block IIA | ~$28M |
| GBI | ~$70–75M |

Rule of thumb: assign the cheapest effective layer first (EW/guns/lasers for drones, SHORAD for cruise, BMD interceptors only for ballistic/hypersonic).

---

## SECTION 6 — THREAT → COUNTER QUICK MATRIX

| Threat | L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | L7 EW | L8 DEW | L9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICBM / SLBM | ● | ○ | | | | | | | ● |
| IRBM / MRBM | ● | ● | ○ | | | | | | ● |
| SRBM / CRBM | | ● | ● | ○ | | | | | ● |
| Quasi-ballistic | | ○ | ● | | | | | | ● |
| Air-launched ballistic | | | ● | | | | | | ● |
| ASBM | ● | ● | | | | | ○ | | ● |
| HGV | | ○ | ○ | | | | | | ● |
| Hypersonic cruise | | | ● | ○ | | | | | ● |
| Subsonic cruise (LACM) | | | ● | ● | ● | ○ | ○ | | ● |
| Supersonic cruise/AShM | | | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | | ● |
| Subsonic AShM | | | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ● | | ● |
| Air-launched standoff | | | ● | ● | ○ | | ○ | | ● |
| ARM | | | | | ● | ● | ● | | |
| Guided rockets | | | ○ | | ● | ● | ○ | ○ | ● |
| Unguided RAM | | | | | ○ | ● | | ● | ● |
| OWA / loitering drone | | | | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Small UAS / FPV | | | | | | ● | ● | ● | |
| ATGM | Vehicle APS, smoke, soft-kill | | | | | | | | |
| ASAT | Space resilience, SSA | | | | | | | | |
| Saturation salvo | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |

● = primary counter   ○ = secondary / limited

---

## SECTION 7 — DASHBOARD DATA MODEL (suggested)

### Threat object
```
threat_id, threat_type (T01–T25), designation/name, origin,
launch_platform (ground / air / ship / submarine),
launch_location (lat, lon), target_location (lat, lon),
speed_mach, altitude_km, range_km, time_of_flight_s, time_to_impact_s,
flight_phase (boost / midcourse / glide / cruise / terminal),
manoeuvring (bool), warhead_type (conventional / nuclear / cluster / unknown),
rcs_class (large / medium / small / very small),
detected_by (sensor_id[]), track_quality (0–100),
threat_priority (critical / high / medium / low),
status (Detected / Tracked / Classified / Assigned / Engaged / Intercepted / Leaked / Impact)
```

### Defence asset object
```
asset_id, system_name, layer (L1–L10), location (lat, lon),
min_range_km, max_range_km, min_alt_km, max_alt_km,
interceptor_type, interceptors_ready, interceptors_total, reload_time_min,
simultaneous_engagements, pk_single_shot (0–1), cost_per_shot_usd,
radar_id, status (Ready / Engaging / Reloading / Degraded / Offline)
```

### Engagement object
```
engagement_id, threat_id, asset_id, doctrine (Shoot-Shoot-Look / Shoot-Look-Shoot),
interceptors_fired, launch_time, predicted_intercept_point (lat, lon, alt),
result (Kill / Miss / Pending), cost_usd, cost_exchange_ratio
```

### Dashboard panels
1. Common Operational Picture map: threats, tracks, defended assets, sensor coverage, engagement zones (range rings by layer)
2. Threat queue: sorted by time-to-impact and priority
3. Weapon-target assignment: recommended counter per threat with layer and Pk
4. Interceptor inventory: ready / expended / reload status per battery
5. Engagement log & kill assessment
6. Cost-exchange panel: threat cost vs interceptor cost spent
7. Sensor status & coverage gaps
8. Raid summary: totals detected, intercepted, leaked, intercept rate %
9. Alerts: leakers, low inventory, sensor down, saturation warning

### Recommended assignment logic
1. Classify threat by speed, altitude and trajectory.
2. Filter defence assets whose engagement envelope covers the predicted intercept point and time.
3. Prefer the lowest-cost effective layer (EW → DEW → guns → SHORAD → MRAD → LRAD → BMD).
4. Prioritise threats by time-to-impact × value of defended asset.
5. For ballistic/hypersonic: Shoot-Shoot-Look with two interceptors; for drones: single cheap effector, re-engage if needed.
6. Reserve upper-tier interceptors for ballistic threats; do not spend them on drones.
7. Flag saturation when incoming threats exceed available simultaneous engagements.